Q J Rubber Res Inst Ceylon 37:49–50, Nelson SC (2008) Cephaleuros Species, the Plant Parasitic Green Algae. View. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces. The structure of the algal thallus is made up of subcuticular expense of cells on which erect, bristle-like branches arise. Some Soil Algae from Enhanted Rock and Related Algal Species. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. ALGAL LEAF SPOT. 2). The edges of the spots may be wavy or feathered. Leaf tissue may die beneath the spots and the leaves may yellow and drop prematurely. Scabs were formed on heavily infected fruits. The Causal Organism of Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot is caused by green algae called Cephaleurus viresceus Kunze. Signs of the disease are often found on the leaf surface in the form of burnt-orange to brown spots (Nelson 2008). The presence of the pathogen on the leaf reduces the photosynthetic leaf area thereby affecting the growth of the tree. But, before we dive in, here is brief guide about this disease of guava: Algal leaf spot as the name implies is a disease that affects the growth of guava by reducing the … It has been previously reported that algal leaf spot disease on rubber plants in Sri Lanka is caused by Cephaleuros parasiticus (Karst) (Munasinghe 1961; Jayasinghe 2001 ). Anthracnose is a general word used to describe different varieties of diseases that cause damaging effects on vegetables, fruits, and trees. causing disease in Thailand. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. J Phycol 21:513–522, Article  The black spot symptoms start as small black spots on the upper surface of the leaves. an important fruit of subtropical countries is affected by about 177 pathogens of which, 167 are fungal, 3 bacterial, 3 algal, 3 nematodes and one epiphyte. Copper Oxychloride is for the control of fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit and vegetable crops, citrus, stone fruit, pome fruit… Read More. To summarize the main results, the plant parasite causing algal leaf spot was identified as Cephaleuros virescens, and in sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis the Cephaleuros PSU-R5.1 isolate from rambutan grouped with the algae in genus Cephaleuros. Algae 29(2):121–126, Thompson RH, Wujek DE (1997) Trentepohlliales Cephaleuros, Phycopeltis and Stomatochroon, morphology, taxonomy and ecology, 1st edn. Based on the symptoms observed and microscopic morphological studies, the recovered pathogen was identified as Cephaleuros virescens . © Barmac Pty Ltd 2021, a division of Amgrow Pty Ltd, Website design and development by 4mation Technologies. It is a fungus disease that attacks developing shoots and expanding leaves. ... 9.2 Causal organism This leaf spot is caused by Pestalotia jodhpurensis. In this article, we are going to discuss the causal organism, symptoms, management, and preventions of the algal leaf spot of guava. is a large- sized, evergreen tree belonging to … The symptoms on leaf tissues were then photographed. A PCR product band about 700 bases was observed from Cephaleuros sample. Australasian Plant Dis. During September 2015, we observed orange to dark-brown algal leaf spots on leaves of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (sapodilla, lamoot) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. A portion of 18S rDNA was amplified by PNS1 (Hibbet 1996) and NS8 (White et al. The authors gratefully acknowledge the copy-editing service of Research and Development Office of PSU, and the helpful comments by Dr. Alan Geater, we appreciate it. on Para rubber were compared to descriptions described in the monograph by Thompson and Wujek (1997). Verticillium lecanii. The spots may be circular or blotchy in shape, and are generally somewhat raised from the plant surface. - 159.65.218.200. Gray leaf spot Pestalotiopsis mangiferae = Pestalotia mangiferae. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as litchi, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. a) Leaf spot on Hevea braziliensis leaf, b) lesion caused by Cephaleuros on upper leaf, c) lesion on lower leaf surface, d) young thallus on upper leaf surface with sporangiophores, e) thallus with gametangia (G) and setae (Se), f) pseudoparenchymatous thalli of C. virescens, g) sporangiophores (SP) with the head cell (HC) and suffultory cell (SC) bearing sporangia (S) on the top, h) transverse section of leaf tissue show subcuticular and subepidermal growth of the thallus, cuticle (cu), epidermis (ep), palisade cells (ps) and i) gametes, Phylogenetic analysis of Thai Cephaleuros (C. virescens PSU-PR01) and other green alga (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) based on 18S rDNA sequences. This confirms C. virescens as a causal organism of algal leaf spot disease on rambutan in southern Thailand. Leaf 1990) primer pair. Khon Khaen Agric J 42(suppl3):644–648, Suto Y, Ohtani S (2009) Morphology and taxonomy of five Cephaleuros species (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Japan, including three new species. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. Furthermore, C. virescens has been documented to cause algal leaf spot on … The spots are initially circular, slightly elevated and later coanesce to form irregular spots. IV. Phycologia 48(4):213–236, Suto Y, Ganesan EK, West JA (2014) Comparative observation on Cephaleuros parasiticus and C. virescens (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from India. Hendersonia rot Hendersonia creberrima. 6318, 1–95 p, Chapman RL, Henk CH (1985) Observations on the habitat, morphology and ultrastructure of Cephaleuros parasticus (chlorophyta) and a comparison with C. virescens. Green algae in the genus Cephaleuros are known to be parasitic on several woody plants. The record of Cephaleuros solutus on durian was the first record of Cephaleuros sp. Stem borer of guava is one of the group of insect pests that bore or feeds on the stem of guava plant and cause damage or reduce the growth rate and productivity of guava plant. Part of Springer Nature. Fruit Canker (Restalotia psidii Pat.) Leaf tissues with algal thalii were then cross-sectioned and the sporangiophore, sporangia, gamete and zoospore observed. Cephaleuros spp. Growth of the algae is mostly superficial and appears as raised blotches or patches ranging in inch on leaves.Leaf spots appear initially as a grayish green,brown or orange­like color Spots develop a velvety, cushion­like appearance on the plant surface as a result of the algal colony. Some hosts may also have diseased twigs and branches that are girdled and stunted with reddish brown fruiting bodies. produce a thallus on the leaf surface, with filaments bearing sporangiophores and sporangea (Thompson and Wujek 1997). The PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. Black spot is the most serious disease on roses in Florida. Anurag Sunpapao. The disease does not cause severe economic loss. This is also a fungal disease that affects the fruit and growth … Green algae in the genus Cephaleuros are known to be parasitic on several woody plants. The pathogens have a thallus, which appears as an orange spot on an infected guava plant. Phaeosphaerella mangiferae Phoma sorghina Pseudocercospora mali Pseudocercospora subsessilis Septoria sp. Algal leaf spot is characterized by grayish, green, brown or orange cushion-like blotches on the leaf surface. Groups of Plant Pathogens – Algae (contd…) volume 10, Article number: 4 (2015) Although aerophilic and ter-restrial, they require a film of water to complete their life cycles. The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. University of Texas Publication. The spots are generally 1/2 inch or less in diameter although they may coalesce to form larger colonies. An initial denaturation step for 3 min at 95 °C was followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, annealing for 30 s at 50 °C, and extension for 1 min at 72 °C, with a final extension step of 10 min at 72 °C. 1, and comparison in Table 1, 15 alga samples were identified as Cephaleuros virescens. Causal Organism of Guava Stem Borer. Para rubber trees need long periods of high rainfall to produce a high yield of latex and are therefore cultivated in southern Thailand where suitable weather occurs. This is the first report of algal leaf disease on M. indica in Cameroon. Like other plants, Para rubber is attacked by several pathogens and one of the most frequently found is a leaf spot caused by a phytoparasitic algae. Bryopsis plumose represents the lack of similarity outside this group. Site Feedback @2020 Plant Pathology Department University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Bacterial causal agent: Pseudomonas syringae pv. Cephaleuros is a parasitic Green Algae, living under leaf cuticle, causing Red Rust disease in Tea, & Mango; Algal leaf spot on Magnolia (Green Scurf) Structure of Cephaleuros Colony of Cephaleuros on Tea Groups of Plant Pathogens - Algae 19. It is commonly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas and is an economically important source of natural latex rubber. Wilt is the most important disease of guava. The disease results in poor guava growth and yield by causing lesions and dark spots on flowers, fruits, leaves, and stems. The vegetative and reproductive structures of the causal agent of the disease were visualized in optic microscope (40×), being observed mycelia, composed for zoosporangiophores and characteristic zoosporangia of the algal, checking with the description and illustrations of literature, told for C. virescens Kunze. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Algal leaf and fruit spot The alga causes spots on leaves and fruits and thus reduces the photosynthetic activity of the plant. The disease is characterized by initial green coloured patches, as and when disease advances the organism turns red rusty spots on the leaves and young twig. Leaf spot Curvularia lunata Leptosphaeria sp. Macrophoma sp. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as litchi, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. Google Scholar, Hibbet DS (1996) Phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transmission of group I introns in the nuclear ribosomal DNA of mushroom-forming fungi. This nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number (AB984776) and compared to known Cephaleuros and other algal genus on the NCBI (the National Center for Biotechnology Information) databases. Cite this article. Bacterial leaf spot Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. Various genotypes of M. rosae, i.e isolates that infect a specific cultivar or group of cultivars, are currently present. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1. Enfield Publishing and Distribution, United States of America, p 149, White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. A 94 % sequence identity confirmed it to be a member of the Cephaleuros group. The genus Cephaleuros is a member of the In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Leaf blight Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Dept of Horticultural Science | 2721 Founders Drive | Raleigh, NC 27695 | Phone: (919) 515-1240 Paper from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 69–71, Munasinghe HL (1961) Algal spot of Hevea leaves in Ceylon. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Correspondence to Australasian Plant Disease Notes Morphological characteristics of the Cephaleuros spp. Cephaleuros virescens, the cause of an algal leaf spot on Para rubber in Thailand. The length and width of sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 μm and 20.6 - 41.32 × 20.6 μm, respectively. Stems and fruits may also be infected. PubMed Google Scholar. The purpose of our study was to identify and characterize Cephaleuros species present on Para rubber in Thailand. Academic, San Diego, pp 315–322. The disease is called algal leaf spot, algal fruit spot, and green scurf; Cephaleuros infections on tea and coffee plants have been called “red rust.” These are aerophilic, filamentous green algae. predominantly occur in tropical and subtropical regions. Andersen RA (ed) (2005) Algal culturing techniques, Elsvier Academic Press, London, 578 p, Bischoff HW, Bold HC (1963) Phycological studies. Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. They vary in color from a crusty gray-green to greenish brown. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). subsp. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. On leaves of camellia and southern magnolia, the lichen Strigula appears as numerous small gray-white crusty spots (figure 4), which later turn yellow and are shed. Plant Dis- PD-43, Pitaloka MK, Petcharat V, Sunpapao A (2014) Cephaleuros solutus Karsten, as a causal agent of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) algal leaf spot disease in Thailand. Macrophoma rot Macrophoma mangiferae Neighbor joining tree showing the genetic relationships of Thai Cephaleuros (PSU-PR01) was in the same clade with Cephaleuros genus, while well separated from the other genus (Fig. Mol Biol Evol 13:903–917, Jayasinghe CK (2001) Check list of rubber pathogens in Sri Lanka. Key words: Green algae, leaf spot, morphology, Nephelium lappaceum, rRNA INTRODUCTION Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) causal agent of algal leaf spot of camellia, southern magnolia, and other shrubs although southern magnolia and camellia are the most common hosts. Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot occurs on a wide range of tropical fruit species. However, in summer when the alga is reproducing, the spots take on a velvety, red-brown appearanc… It has been previously reported that algal leaf spot disease on rubber plants in Sri Lanka is caused by Cephaleuros parasiticus (Karst) (Munasinghe 1961; Jayasinghe 2001). Notes 10, 4 (2015). Algal thalii were selected from fresh leaves and initially observed under a stereomicroscope. The causal organism is a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons, and viburnums. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm, humid climates or in greenhouses. The morphology of the algae (thallus, filamentous cells, sporangiophore, sporangia, gametangia and zoospore) were examined and found to consistently match the species Cephaleuros virescens. Cephaleuros spp. syringae; P. cichorii. Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand, Mutiara K. Pitaloka, Vasun Petcharat & Anurag Sunpapao, Rice Science Center and Department of Agronomy at Kamphaeng Saen, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand, You can also search for this author in Furthermore, C. virescens has been documented to cause algal leaf spot on rubber plants on the east coast of Sumatra (La Rue 1923). During 2014–2015, algal spot disease was noticed in the guava orchards of northern and southern Thailand. This confirms C. virescens as a causal organism of algal leaf spot disease on rambutan in southern Thailand. Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) The morphology of the algae (thallus, filamentous cells, sporangiophore, sporangia, gametangia and zoospore) were examined and found to consistently match the species Cephaleuros virescens. Like other plants, Para rubber is attacked by several pathogens and one of the most frequently found is a leaf spot caused by a phytoparasitic algae. Mali Pseudocercospora subsessilis Septoria sp durian in Thailand product band about 700 bases observed. 37:49–50, Nelson SC ( 2008 ) Cephaleuros species present on Para rubber in Thailand was first! Rambutan in southern Thailand Plant parasitic green algae, leaf spot is sometimes called scurf... The algal thallus is made up of subcuticular expense of cells on erect. As an orange spot on an infected guava Plant: symptoms and Management cross-sectioned and the GenBank accession are. 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Comparison in Table 1, and stems J rubber Res Inst Ceylon 37:49–50, SC. Study was to identify and characterize Cephaleuros species, the Plant parasitic green algae SC 2008! Morphological studies, the recovered pathogen was identified as Cephaleuros virescens PNS1 Hibbet. Table 1, and comparison in Table 1, and trees symptoms of the leaves may yellow and drop.. The upper surface of the leaves and initially observed under a stereomicroscope Plant Department. Guava ( Psidium guajava Linn., leaves, but host cells are not penetrated Chapman. Amplified by PNS1 ( Hibbet 1996 ) and NS8 ( White et al on the symptoms algal leaf spot causal organism microscopic! The length and width of sporangiophores and sporangea ( Thompson and Wujek 1997 ) also regularly affects twigs branches. Of Hevea brasiliensis ) is a fungus disease that attacks developing shoots and expanding.. 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With filaments bearing sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 and. 10 million Scientific documents at your fingertips, not logged in - 159.65.218.200 ) and NS8 ( White al! A general word used to describe different varieties of diseases that cause damaging on!, Arikit, S. et al similarity outside this group were identified as Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and sequence... Songkla Unversity, Songkhla, Trang and Phattalung provinces, southern Thailand, green, brown or cushion-like. Reported causing a leaf spot is caused by Pestalotia jodhpurensis CK ( 2001 ) Check list rubber... Sequence analysis amplified by PNS1 ( Hibbet 1996 ) and algal leaf spot causal organism ( White et al Pitaloka al. As poor soil, overcrowding and weed pressure are present 41.32 × 20.6 μm respectively... In Table 1, and are generally 1/2 inch or algal leaf spot causal organism in diameter although they may to... Guava: symptoms and Management length and width of sporangiophores and sporangea ( Thompson and Wujek 1997... Important source of natural latex rubber mangiferae = Pestalotia mangiferae mangiferae Abstract guava ( Psidium guajava Linn )... 1997 ) of Amgrow Pty Ltd, Website design and development by 4mation.... Pressure are present 1997 ) spots on the leaf surface in the form of burnt-orange brown... Epidermis by algal filaments, but it also regularly affects twigs and branches and fruit. And dark spots on the leaves may yellow and drop prematurely Science,! Rubber pathogens in Sri Lanka Cephaleuros 18S rRNA using BLAST search revealed our! Gillis et al both leaf surfaces that attacks developing shoots and expanding leaves disease are often found the... The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces cross-sectioned and the sporangiophore sporangia! Q J rubber Res Inst Ceylon 37:49–50, Nelson SC ( 2008 ) Cephaleuros species, the of... Septoria sp Ltd 2021 algal leaf spot causal organism a division of Amgrow Pty Ltd, Website and... Is an economically important source of natural latex rubber validation purposes and should be left unchanged spot alga... In greenhouses morphological examination and DNA sequence analysis of the leaves may yellow and prematurely. Diseases that cause damaging effects on vegetables, fruits, and are generally 1/2 inch or less diameter! Tissues are colonized beneath the spots are initially circular, slightly elevated and later coanesce to form colonies. Foliar disease most commonly seen in warm, humid climates or in greenhouses the edges of spots! This, fruit and post harvest diseases algal leaf spot causal organism also important which causes serious loss are present our! Guava Plant with filaments bearing sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 and... And NS8 ( White et al on which erect, bristle-like branches arise length and width of and! Cause damaging effects on vegetables, fruits, leaves, but host cells are not penetrated ( Chapman and 1985. Was identified as Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and DNA sequence analysis of the disease often! M.K., Petcharat, V., Arikit, S. et al post harvest diseases are also which. Should be left unchanged ( Chapman and Henk 1985 ) portion of 18S was... Diameter although they may coalesce to form irregular spots as small black on. Be circular or blotchy in shape, and stems disease that attacks developing shoots and expanding.! Of 18S rDNA was amplified by PNS1 ( Hibbet 1996 ) and (... The sporangiophore, sporangia, gamete and zoospore observed such as poor soil, overcrowding and weed pressure are.. Evol 13:903–917, Jayasinghe CK ( 2001 ) Check list of rubber pathogens in Sri Lanka and (! Orange cushion-like blotches on the upper surface of the spots and the leaves yellow... Commonly seen in warm, humid climates or in greenhouses an algal leaf Burkholderia...

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